#TYPING FINGERS TO THE BONE MEME CODE#
#TYPING FINGERS TO THE BONE MEME SERIES#

The highly anticipated child, Amiir ('prince' in Arabic), was diagnosed at birth with Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 and died several days later.

In 1996, a son was born to American musician Prince and his wife Mayte Garcia.

In 1964, Pfeiffer described eight individuals in three generations of a family who had abnormalities of the head, hands and feet ( acrocephalosyndactylia) that were inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The syndrome is named after German geneticist Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (1931–2012). In severe cases, respiratory and neurological complications often lead to early death. Outcomes Ĭhildren with Pfeiffer syndrome types 2 and 3 'have a higher risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and a reduced life expectancy' than children with Pfeiffer syndrome type 1, but if treated, favorable outcomes are possible. Later surgeries are necessary to correct respiratory and facial deformities.

#TYPING FINGERS TO THE BONE MEME SERIES#

The key problem is the early fusion of the skull, which can be corrected by a series of surgical procedures, often within the first three months after birth. This type occurs sporadically (i.e., does not appear to be inherited) and has 'a poor prognosis and severe neurological compromise, generally with early death.' Type 3 includes craniosynostosis and severe proptosis.This type occurs sporadically (i.e., does not appear to be inherited) and has 'a poor prognosis and severe neurological compromise, generally with early death'. Type 2 includes a cloverleaf-shaped skull, due to extensive fusion of bones, as well as severe proptosis.Most individuals with type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome have normal intelligence and a normal life span. This type is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Type 1, also known as classic Pfeiffer syndrome, includes craniosynostosis and 'midface deficiency'.Cohen divided the syndrome into three possibly overlapping types, all of which are characterized by broad thumbs, broad great toes, brachydactyly and possibly syndactyly: The most widely accepted clinical classification of Pfeiffer syndrome was published by M. Advanced paternal age is thought to be a risk factor for sporadic cases of Pfeiffer syndrome due to an increase in mutations in sperm as men become older.

#TYPING FINGERS TO THE BONE MEME CODE#

These genes code for fibroblast growth factor receptors, which are important for normal bone development. Pfeiffer syndrome is strongly associated with mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 ( FGFR1) on chromosome 8 or the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ( FGFR2) gene on chromosome 10. Unusually short fingers and toes ( brachydactyly) are also common, and there may be some webbing or fusion between the digits ( syndactyly). In people with Pfeiffer syndrome, the thumbs and first (big) toes are wide and bend away from the other digits ( pollex varus and hallux varus). More than 50 percent of children with Pfeiffer syndrome have hearing loss dental problems are also common. In addition, there is an underdeveloped upper jaw ( maxillary hypoplasia). The head is unable to grow normally, which leads to a high prominent forehead ( turribrachycephaly), and eyes that appear to bulge ( proptosis) and are wide-set ( hypertelorism).

Many of the characteristic facial features result from the premature fusion of the skull bones ( craniosynostosis). Ĭhinese circus performer with Pfeiffer syndrome, 1927 The syndrome is named after German geneticist Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer (1931–2012), who described it in 1964. Pfeiffer syndrome affects about 1 in 100,000 births. Most individuals with Pfeiffer syndrome type 1 have a normal intelligence and life span, while types 2 and 3 typically result in neurodevelopmental disorders and early death. Treatment is supportive and often involves surgery in the earliest years of life to correct skull deformities and respiratory function. The syndrome is grouped into three types, type 1 (classic Pfeiffer syndrome) being milder and caused by mutations in either gene and types 2 and 3 being more severe, often leading to death in infancy, caused by mutations in FGFR2. Pfeiffer syndrome is caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR1 and FGFR2. In addition, the syndrome includes abnormalities of the hands (such as wide and deviated thumbs) and feet (such as wide and deviated big toes).

Pfeiffer syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull ( craniosynostosis) which affects the shape of the head and face. Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 with cloverleaf-shaped skull and bilateral proptosis before and after surgery

Typing fingers to the bone meme